Line Following Robot with Triangular Op Amps Project

Creating a line following robot using an IR

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, two photodiodes, differential op-amps, and a microcontroller can be quite simple at a high level. Here’s a basic schematic and description:

Schematic:

IR LED:

Connect the anode (longer lead) of the IR LED to a current limiting resistor (say, 220 ohms). The other end of the resistor is connected to Vcc (e.g., 5V or 3.3V depending on your components).

Connect the cathode (shorter lead) of the IR 

LED

 to ground.

Photodiodes:

Photodiodes can be operated in photoconductive or photovoltaic modes. For this application, we will use the photoconductive mode.

Connect the cathode (usually the longer lead) of both photodiodes to Vcc.

Connect the anode (usually the shorter lead) of both photodiodes to the inverting input of their respective op-amps.

Differential Op-Amps:

For each photodiode, connect its anode to the inverting input of an op-amp.

Connect a feedback resistor (Rf) from the output of the op-amp to its inverting input.

Connect the non-inverting input of the op-amp to a reference voltage (usually half of Vcc, which can be obtained using a voltage divider).

The output of each op-amp will then give a signal proportional to the amount of IR light detected by the respective photodiode.

Microcontroller:

Connect the outputs from both op-amps to two analog input pins on the microcontroller.

Connect two of the microcontroller’s GPIO pins to a motor driver module to control the movement of the robot.

Motor Driver and Motors:

Use a motor driver module (like L293D or L298N) to control the direction and speed of the robot’s two motors.

Connect the GPIO pins from the microcontroller to the input pins of the motor driver.

Connect the motors to the output terminals of the motor driver.

use the triangular op amps for the drawing

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